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Write notes on three of the following topics: (i) Vaccination - Leaving Cert Biology - Question (b) - 2019
Question (b)
Write notes on three of the following topics: (i) Vaccination. (ii) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria. (iii) The mechanism of phototropism or of geotropism in pla... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Write notes on three of the following topics: (i) Vaccination - Leaving Cert Biology - Question (b) - 2019
Step 1
Vaccination.
Answer
Vaccination involves introducing a non-harmful (or attenuated or weakened or dead) dose of a pathogen (or antigen) into an organism. This process stimulates the immune system to produce an active immunity by generating antibodies, as well as production of memory T cells or B cells. The primary aim of vaccination is to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases or to inhibit the spread of these diseases.
Step 2
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Answer
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria occurs when bacteria are not affected by antibiotics, which can happen due to overuse or misuse of these medications. Bacteria can mutate or evolve, leading to resistant strains. Resistance is often carried by plasmids that can be shared among bacteria, making them capable of surviving antibiotic treatments. In addition, antibiotic resistance can also be influenced by selective pressure from environmental conditions, allowing resistant populations to thrive while others diminish.
Step 3
Batch food processing.
Answer
Batch food processing is a method where specific quantities of food are processed in stages, starting from raw materials. This process typically occurs in a bioreactor that contains microorganisms (like bacteria or fungi) needed for fermentation or other processing tasks. The process includes a lag phase for microorganisms to adapt, followed by active processing and then a harvesting phase at the end of the batch to collect the final product.