Volcanoes (i) State what is meant by each of the following types of volcano: • Active volcano • Extinct volcano • Dormant volcano - Leaving Cert Geography - Question 1C - 2018

An extinct volcano is one that has not erupted for thousands of years and is not expected to erupt again. These volcanoes are considered inactive with no geological activity suggesting future eruptions.

A dormant volcano is one that is currently inactive but has the potential to erupt in the future. These volcanoes may show no signs of recent activity, but historical records indicate past eruptions.

Volcanoes can have several positive effects, including:

1. Fertile Soil: The ash and lava from eruptions contribute to nutrient-rich soils, enhancing agricultural productivity.

2. Geothermal Energy: Volcanoes can be harnessed for geothermal energy, providing a sustainable energy source.

3. Mineral Deposits: Volcanic activity can create new mineral deposits, which can be economically beneficial.

4. Tourism: Volcanoes are often tourist attractions, which can stimulate local economies.

5. New Land Formation: Eruptions can create new land, expanding island territories and providing new habitats for wildlife.

Despite their benefits, volcanoes can also have severe negative effects, such as:

1. Destruction of Property: Lava flows and ash fall can obliterate residences, infrastructure, and agricultural land.

2. Loss of Life: Eruptions can be catastrophic, with dangers such as pyroclastic flows and lahars leading to fatalities.

3. Air Quality Issues: Volcanic eruptions can emit ash and gases that deteriorate air quality and pose health risks.

4. Climate Impact: Large eruptions can inject ash and sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, causing temporary climate change by cooling global temperatures.

5. Displacement: Communities may need to evacuate due to the imminent threats posed by eruptions, leading to long-term displacement.