The normal human body temperature is 37 °C - Leaving Cert Physics - Question 11 - 2021

Heat is the energy that is transferred between systems or objects with different temperatures, while temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, indicating how hot or cold it is.

The conversion from Celsius to Kelvin is done using the formula: $K = °C + 273$ So, for the normal body temperature: $K = 37 + 273 = 310 K$

A thermometric property is a measurable characteristic that varies with temperature; for instance, the expansion of a liquid in a thermometer or the resistance of a thermistor.

An example of a thermometric property is the volume of mercury in a mercury thermometer, which expands with temperature.

The two thermometers may be placed in different locations, which can result in variations in readings due to differing exposure to heat or cooling, or one thermometer may have a calibration error.

The area (A) of a rectangle is calculated using the formula: $A = ext{length} imes ext{width}$ For the garden: $A = 6 ext{ m} imes 9 ext{ m} = 54 ext{ m}^2$

Energy (E) can be calculated using the formula: $E = ext{power} imes ext{time}$ The power is given by the solar constant: $E = 1.36 ext{ kW/m}^2 imes 54 ext{ m}^2 imes 12 ext{ hours} imes 3600 ext{ s/hour}$ Calculating gives: $E = 1.36 imes 54 imes 43200 = 3.17 imes 10^6 ext{ kJ}$

Heat is transferred at different rates based on the thermal conductivity of materials. For instance, metals typically conduct heat better than woods or plastics. An experiment could involve placing one end of metal, wood, and plastic rods in a heat source while measuring the temperature at the other end over time, thus allowing observation of how fast heat travels through each material.

The rate of heat loss through walls and windows is often measured in terms of thermal transmittance (U-value), which indicates how effective a building element is as an insulator. Two ways of reducing heat loss include: 1) Improving insulation by adding more materials like fiberglass within walls or 2) Installing double-glazed windows, which create an insulating barrier of air between two panes of glass.