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Le Passé Composé Simplified Revision Notes

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Le Passé Composé

The passé composé is one of the most commonly used past tenses in French. It is used to describe actions or events that have been completed in the past.

The passé composé is equivalent to the simple past (e.g., "I ate") or the present perfect (e.g., "I have eaten") in English.


Regular Verbs with Avoir

You need two things for an avoir verb in the passé composé:

  1. The auxiliary verb (the present tense of avoir or être)
  2. A past participle

1. The Auxiliary verb: Present tense of 'Avoir'

Infinitiveavoir (to have)
jej'ai
tutu as
il/elle/onil/elle/on a
nousnous avons
vousvous avez
ils/ellesils/elles ont

2. A Past Participle

infoNote

What is a past participle? A past participle is a special form of a verb that you use to talk about something that has already happened. In English, it's like the words "eaten" or "played".

How to form a past participle:

The way you form the past participle depends on the type of verb:

  1. For -er verbs (parler-to speak):
  • Take off the er at the end of the verb.
  • Add é.
  • parlerparlé (spoken)
  1. For -ir verbs (finir -to finish):
  • Take off the ir at the end of the verb.
  • Add i.
  • finirfini (finished)
  1. For -re verbs (vendre_-_to sell):
  • Take off the re at the end of the verb.
  • Add u.
  • vendrevendu (sold) Irregular verbs have unique past participles that need to be memorised. We will cover these later.

3. Putting It All Together

Let's break down how to form the passé composé for the verb donner (which means "to give")

  1. Present tense of avoir
j'ai
tu as
il/elle/on a
nous avons
vous avez
ils/elles ont
  1. Form the past participle Donner is an -er verb. Remove the '-er' and add é.

So, donner becomes donné.

  1. Put It Together Now, combine the present tense of avoir with the past participle donné.
SubjectPresent Tense of AvoirPast Participle of DonnerPassé Composé
JeaidonnéJ'ai donné
TuasdonnéTu as donné
Il/Elle/OnadonnéIl/Elle/On a donné
NousavonsdonnéNous avons donné
VousavezdonnéVous avez donné
Ils/EllesontdonnéIls/Elles ont donné

Finir in the Passé Composé (An -ir Verb)

SubjectPresent Tense of AvoirPast Participle of FinirPassé Composé
JeaifiniJ'ai fini
TuasfiniTu as fini
Il/Elle/OnafiniIl/Elle/On a fini
NousavonsfiniNous avons fini
VousavezfiniVous avez fini
Ils/EllesontfiniIls/Elles ont fini

Rendre in the Passé Composé (An -re Verb)

SubjectPresent Tense of AvoirPast Participle of RendrePassé Composé
JeairenduJ'ai rendu
TuasrenduTu as rendu
Il/Elle/OnarenduIl/Elle/On a rendu
NousavonsrenduNous avons rendu
VousavezrenduVous avez rendu
Ils/EllesontrenduIls/Elles ont rendu

Irregular Verbs with Avoir


These verbs use avoir as the auxiliary verb in the passé composé. Their past participles are irregular, meaning they do not follow the standard rules for forming past participles. They must be learned.

VerbPast ParticipleConjugated Verb (Je)English Translation
AvoireuJ'ai euI had
ÊtreétéJ'ai étéI was
FairefaitJ'ai faitI did / I made
DireditJ'ai ditI said
ÉcrireécritJ'ai écritI wrote
LireluJ'ai luI read
VoirvuJ'ai vuI saw
SavoirsuJ'ai suI knew
ConnaîtreconnuJ'ai connuI was familiar with / I knew
ComprendrecomprisJ'ai comprisI understood
ApprendreapprisJ'ai apprisI learned
MettremisJ'ai misI put / I placed
PrendreprisJ'ai prisI took
PouvoirpuJ'ai puI was able to / I could
VouloirvouluJ'ai vouluI wanted
DevoirJ'ai dûI had to
BoirebuJ'ai buI drank
CourircouruJ'ai couruI ran
RireriJ'ai riI laughed
OuvrirouvertJ'ai ouvertI opened
OffriroffertJ'ai offertI offered

Verbs with Être


The passé composé is most often formed using the auxiliary verb avoir (to have). However, there are 17 special verbs that use être (to be) as their auxiliary verb instead of avoir.

You need three things for an être verb in the passé composé:

  1. The present tense of être
  2. Past participle
  3. Agreement

What verbs use être?

allerto go
arriverto arrive
descendreto descend / go downstairs
entrerto enter
monterto climb
mourirto die
naîtreto be born
partirto leave
resterto stay
rentrerto re-enter
retournerto return
sortirto go out
tomberto fall
venirto come
devenirto become
parvenirto reach, achieve
revenirto come again, come back

1. The Auxiliary verb: Present tense of 'Être'

Infinitiveêtre (to be)
jeje suis
tutu es
il/elle/onil/elle/on est
nousnous sommes
vousvous êtes
ils/ellesils/elles sont

2. Past Participle

French VerbPast Participle
allerallé
arriverarrivé
descendredescendu
entrerentré
montermonté
mourirmort
naître
partirparti
resterresté
rentrerrentré
retournerretourné
sortirsorti
tombertombé
venirvenu
devenirdevenu
parvenirparvenu
revenirrevenu

3. Agreement

When using être as the auxiliary verb in the passé composé, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence.

How It Works:

Add the appropriate ending to the past participle:

  • Masculine singular: No change (e.g., allé).
  • Feminine singular: Add e (e.g., allée).
  • Masculine plural: Add s (e.g., allés).
  • Feminine plural: Add es (e.g., allées).

4. Putting it All Together

Je suis allé/eI went
Tu es allé/eYou went
Il est alléHe went
Elle est alléeShe went
Nous sommes allésWe went (masculine or mixed group)
Nous sommes alléesWe went (feminine group)
Vous êtes allé/eYou went (singular)
Vous êtes allésYou went (plural, masculine or mixed group)
Vous êtes alléesYou went (plural, feminine group)
Ils sont allésThey went (masculine or mixed group)
Elles sont alléesThey went (feminine group)

Reflexive Verbs in the Passé Composé


A reflexive verb needs four things in the passé composé

  1. Reflexive pronoun
  2. The present tense of être
  3. Past participle
  4. Agreement

1. Reflexive Pronoun

SubjectReflexive Pronoun
Je (I)me
Tu (You • informal)te
Il/Elle/On (He/She/One)se
Nous (We)nous
Vous (You • formal/plural)vous
Ils/Elles (They)se

2. The Auxiliary verb: Present tense of 'Être'

Infinitiveêtre (to be)
jeje suis
tutu es
il/elle/onil/elle/on est
nousnous sommes
vousvous êtes
ils/ellesils/elles sont

3. A Past Participle

Knock off the verb ending and add:

-eré
-iri
-reu

4. Agreement

Add the appropriate ending to the past participle.

5. Putting it All Together

French TranslationEnglish Translation
Je me suis lavé/eI washed myself
Tu t'es lavé/eYou washed yourself
Il s'est lavéHe washed himself
Elle s'est lavéeShe washed herself
Nous nous sommes lavésWe washed ourselves (masculine or mixed group)
Nous nous sommes lavéesWe washed ourselves (feminine group)
Vous vous êtes lavé/eYou washed yourself (singular)
Vous vous êtes lavésYou washed yourselves (plural, masculine or mixed group)
Vous vous êtes lavéesYou washed yourselves (plural, feminine group)
Ils se sont lavésThey washed themselves (masculine or mixed group)
Elles se sont lavéesThey washed themselves (feminine group)

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