Pragmatism (Edexcel A-Level Politics): Revision Notes

5.1.1 Pragmatism

Pragmatism in Conservatism

Pragmatism in Relation to Human Nature

• Human Imperfection: Conservatives believe that humans are inherently flawed, with limited reasoning capabilities and a tendency towards selfishness and error. Pragmatism acknowledges these imperfections by advocating for policies that are realistic and adaptable, rather than idealistic or overly ambitious.
• Practical Decision-Making: Due to this cautious view of human nature, conservatives emphasise the importance of making decisions based on the wisdom of the past, what we already know. Pragmatism leads to policies that are designed to manage human imperfections and prevent instability that might arise from overly optimistic or radical approaches.

Pragmatism in Relation to the State

• Flexible Governance: Pragmatism in conservatism manifests in a flexible approach to governance. Conservatives believe the state should adapt to changing circumstances when necessary, rather than rigidly adhering to ideological principles. This flexibility allows the state to respond effectively to new challenges, ensuring stability and continuity.
• Traditional and One-Nation Conservatism: For traditional conservatives, pragmatism means respecting historical precedent and making gradual changes to the state. One-nation conservatives, influenced by pragmatism, support state interventions that promote social cohesion and address inequalities, but they do so in a way that seeks to maintain overall stability and order.

Pragmatism in Relation to Society

• Gradual Social Change: Conservatives view society as an organic entity that evolves over time. Pragmatism dictates that changes to society should be gradual and based on what has worked in the past, rather than pursuing radical reforms that could disrupt social harmony.
• Maintaining Social Stability: Pragmatism leads conservatives to prioritise policies that preserve social stability. For example, rather than radically altering social structures, pragmatic conservatives may support incremental reforms that improve social conditions without causing upheaval.

Pragmatism in Relation to the Economy

• Balanced Economic Policies: Pragmatism in economic policy involves a balanced approach, recognising the benefits of a free-market economy while also acknowledging its potential drawbacks. Conservatives support a market economy but are open to state intervention when necessary to correct market failures and protect social stability.
• Economic Flexibility: Pragmatic conservatives are willing to adjust economic policies based on circumstances rather than strictly adhering to free-market or state-controlled models. This might include supporting welfare programmes or regulatory measures if they are deemed necessary for the broader good, such as maintaining employment or preventing social unrest.

Examples of the Conservative Party Adopting Pragmatic Principles

Brexit Approach

• Pragmatic Response to Public Opinion: The Conservative Party's approach to Brexit, especially under Prime Ministers Theresa May and Boris Johnson, was driven by a pragmatic response to the 2016 referendum result. Recognising the public's decision to leave the EU, the party shifted its policies to focus on negotiating an exit deal that would minimise economic disruption while respecting the democratic outcome.

Welfare Reform

• Balancing Austerity and Social Support: During the 2010-2015 coalition government, the Conservative Party, under David Cameron, implemented austerity measures to reduce the budget deficit. However, recognising the need to maintain social stability, they introduced welfare reforms like Universal Credit, which aimed to simplify the benefits system and incentivize work while still providing a safety net for the most vulnerable.

Economic Intervention During COVID-19

• Flexible Economic Policy: The Conservative government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic under Boris Johnson was highly pragmatic. Despite traditionally favouring limited state intervention, the government implemented unprecedented economic measures, including the furlough scheme and massive public spending, to protect jobs and support businesses during the crisis. This demonstrated a willingness to depart from ideological norms in favour of practical solutions to an urgent problem.