A. Climate Type (i) Name one cold climate that you have studied - Junior Cycle Geography - Question A - 2014

The tundra climate is characterized by extremely low temperatures, particularly in winter, where the average temperature can drop below -30°C. Summers are short and cool, averaging around 10°C to 15°C. Precipitation is generally low, averaging between 150 to 250 mm per year, primarily falling as snow. The cold climate results in a short growing season, creating unique environmental conditions.

One adaptation of natural vegetation to the tundra climate is the presence of low-growing plants such as mosses, lichens, and small shrubs. These plants have adapted to the harsh conditions by developing thick, insulating layers of leaves and a shallow root system to absorb moisture during the brief growing season. Their growth form minimizes exposure to cold winds and reduces water loss.