4. (a) Name the parts of the respiratory system numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 (4x3) 1 = larynx/voice box 2 = trachea/windpipe/rings of cartilage 3 = alveoli/air sacs 4 = diaphragm (b) Outline: (i) the position and (ii) the functions of the lungs - Junior Cycle Home Economics - Question 4 - 2015

The lungs are located in the chest cavity, surrounded by the ribcage. The breastbone and the backbone frame them, with the heart situated in between the lungs, positioned above the diaphragm.

The primary functions of the lungs are:

1. To inhale oxygen for transport to the bloodstream.
2. To release carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism.
3. To facilitate the exchange of gases with water vapor involved.

Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli, which have thin walls and are surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. This exchange is vital for maintaining oxygen levels in the blood and removing carbon dioxide.

Smoking causes a myriad of harmful effects, including:

• Cancer, particularly in the lungs and throat.
• Severe breathing difficulties.
• Heart disease and high blood pressure.
• Addiction to nicotine, which can lead to mental health issues.
• Possible adverse effects on fetal development during pregnancy.

1. Legal Age Restriction: It is illegal to sell cigarettes to individuals under 18 years of age, effectively reducing youth access to tobacco.
2. Advertising Ban: A complete ban on tobacco advertising has been implemented. This reduces visibility and normalization of smoking among the public, especially children, and includes health warnings on cigarette packets.