Essay Preparation for answering on Third Republic and Vichy

The aim of this suite of notes is simple: to provide easy-to-understand and read essay construction notes for some of the most frequently asked essay questions on France from 1920-45.

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Essay Prep - Problems Faced by France 1920-45 and Extent of Overcoming Them

1. Economic Problems:

• Post-WWI reconstruction costs.
• Great Depression (1929) causing mass unemployment and economic instability.
• Heavy war debts and reparations payments.
• Attempted solutions: Government initiatives and American loans under the Dawes Plan.

2. Political Instability:

• Frequent changes in government and weak coalition cabinets.
• Rise of extremist political groups (Communists and Fascists).
• Failure to establish a stable political system until the Popular Front in 1936.

3. Security Concerns:

• Fear of another German invasion.
• Dependence on alliances (e.g., Franco-Polish alliance, Little Entente).
• Maginot Line constructed but ultimately ineffective.

4. Social Tensions:

• Class struggles between workers and business owners.
• Strikes and labour unrest, especially during the Great Depression.
• Partial resolutions through labour reforms under the Popular Front.

5. Foreign Policy Challenges:

• Maintaining the Treaty of Versailles provisions.
• Policy of appeasement with Nazi Germany in the 1930s.
• Failed to prevent German aggression, leading to WWII.

6. Military Defeat:

• Rapid defeat by Germany in 1940.
• Occupation of France and establishment of Vichy government.
• Resistance movement ultimately helped liberate France in 1944.

Essay Prep - What were the Fortunes of France 1920-45

1. Post-WWI Recovery:

• Initial economic boom in the 1920s (Les Années Folles).
• Modernization of industries and infrastructure.

2. Great Depression:

• Severe economic downturn, unemployment, and social unrest.
• Impact on political stability and rise of extremist movements.

3. Political Struggles:

• Frequent changes in government.
• The Popular Front's brief period of social reform (1936-1938).

4. Appeasement and WWII:

• Attempted to avoid conflict with Germany through appeasement.
• Collapse of appeasement policy and subsequent invasion by Germany.

5. Occupation and Resistance:

• German occupation of France and the establishment of the Vichy regime.
• Growth of the French Resistance and underground movements.

6. Liberation and Aftermath:

• Allied invasion of Normandy and liberation of France in 1944.
• The collapse of the Vichy regime and restoration of the French Republic.

Essay Prep - Main Challenges Facing France 1920-45

1. Economic Instability:

• Post-war debts and reconstruction.
• Great Depression impact on employment and economy.

2. Political Fragmentation:

• Weak coalition governments.
• Rise of extreme left and right-wing movements.

3. Security and Defence:

• Fear of German aggression.
• Reliance on the Maginot Line and alliances.
• Ineffective military strategies against Blitzkrieg.

4. Social Conflicts:

• Class conflicts and labour strikes.
• Tensions between secular and religious groups.

5. Foreign Relations:

• Maintaining and enforcing Treaty of Versailles.
• Policy of appeasement and its failure.
• Diplomatic isolation and reliance on Britain.

6. WWII and Occupation:

• Rapid military defeat and occupation by Germany.
• Establishment of the collaborationist Vichy regime.
• Support and coordination of the French Resistance.