Tools and Techniques (Grade 12 NSC Matric Mathematics): Flashcards

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Tools and Techniques
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Three main probability tools

Venn diagrams, tree diagrams, two-way contingency tables

Best use for Venn diagrams

Multiple events & their intersections or unions

Best use for tree diagrams

Sequential events depending on previous results

Venn diagram construction rule

Work from centre intersection outward

Tree diagram multiplication principle

Multiply probabilities along path from start to finish

Branch probability rule at each node

Must sum to 1

Formula for P(A∪B)P(A \cup B)

P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)

Formula for complement P(A′)P(A')

1−P(A)1 - P(A)

Independence test formula

P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B)P(A \cap B) = P(A) \times P(B)

Marginal totals in contingency tables

Totals appearing at edges of table

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