Plot Summary (AQA A-Level English Literature A): Revision Notes
Plot summary
Setting and introduction
The Awakening is set in the late 1800s and begins at Grand Isle, a summer holiday resort popular with wealthy inhabitants of nearby New Orleans. The protagonist, Edna Pontellier, is vacationing with her husband Léonce and their two young sons at the cottages of Madame Lebrun, which accommodate affluent Creoles from the French Quarter.
Léonce is portrayed as kind and loving, but he is deeply preoccupied with his work. His frequent business-related absences create a distance in his domestic life with Edna. As a result, Edna spends most of her time with her friend Adèle Ratignolle, a married Creole woman who represents womanly elegance and charm.
Through her relationship with Adèle, Edna discovers a great deal about freedom of expression. Creole women were expected to behave in ways that might seem forthright and unrestrained compared to the standards Edna was raised with. This exposure to such openness liberates Edna from her previously prudish behaviour and helps her access repressed emotions and desires.
The beginning of Edna's awakening
Edna's relationship with Adèle marks the start of her process of awakening and self-discovery, which forms the central focus of the novel. The awakening accelerates when Edna meets Robert Lebrun, the elder, single son of Madame Lebrun.
Robert is known among the Grand Isle vacationers as a man who chooses one woman each year—often a married woman—to whom he plays attendant all summer long. This summer, he devotes himself to Edna, and the two spend their days together lounging and talking by the shore. Adèle Ratignolle often accompanies them during these meetings.
Development of the relationship with Robert
Initially, the relationship between Robert and Edna is innocent. They mostly bathe in the sea or engage in idle talk. However, as the summer progresses, the two grow closer, and Robert's affections for Edna intensify, developing into several internal revelations for her.
She feels more alive than ever before, and she starts to paint again as she did in her youth. She also learns to swim and becomes aware of her independence and sexuality. Although Edna and Robert never openly discuss their love for one another, the time they spend alone together kindles memories in Edna of the dreams and desires of her youth.
She becomes inexplicably depressed at night with her husband and profoundly joyful during her moments of freedom, whether alone or with Robert. Recognising how intense the relationship between him and Edna has become, Robert honourably removes himself from Grand Isle to avoid consummating his forbidden love. Edna returns to New Orleans a changed woman.
Return to New Orleans and pursuit of independence
Back in New Orleans, Edna actively pursues her painting and ignores all of her social responsibilities. Worried about the changing attitude and increasing disobedience of his wife, Léonce seeks the guidance of the family physician, Doctor Mandelet.
Doctor Mandelet is a wise and enlightened man who suspects that Edna's transformation is the result of an affair, but he hides his suspicions from Léonce. Instead, Doctor Mandelet suggests that Léonce let Edna's defiance run its course, since attempts to control her would only fuel her rebellion.
Léonce heeds the doctor's advice, allowing Edna to remain home alone while he goes away on business. With her husband gone and her children away as well, Edna wholly rejects her former lifestyle. She moves into a home of her own and declares herself independent—the possession of no one.
Affair with Alcée Arobin
Her love for Robert remains intense, and Edna pursues an affair with the town seducer, Alcée Arobin, who is able to satisfy her sexual needs. Never emotionally attached to Arobin, Edna maintains control throughout their affair, satisfying her animalistic urges but retaining her freedom from male domination.
Mademoiselle Reisz as mentor
At this point, the self-sufficient and unconventional old pianist Mademoiselle Reisz adopts Edna as a sort of protégé, warning Edna of the sacrifices required of an artist.
Edna is moved by Mademoiselle Reisz's piano playing and visits her often. She is also eager to read the letters from abroad that Robert sends the woman. Mademoiselle, who devotes her life entirely to her art, serves as an inspiration and model to Edna, who continues her process of awakening and independence.
Mademoiselle Reisz is the only person who knows of Robert and Edna's secret love for one another, and she encourages Edna to admit to, and act upon, her feelings.
Robert's return and confession
Unable to stay away, Robert returns to New Orleans, finally expressing openly his feelings for Edna. He admits his love but reminds her that they cannot possibly be together, since she is the wife of another man.
Edna explains to him her newly established independence, denying the rights of her husband over her and explaining how she and Robert can live together happily, ignoring everything extraneous to their relationship. Despite his love for Edna, Robert feels unable to enter into the adulterous affair.
Adèle's childbirth and crisis
When Adèle undergoes a difficult and dangerous childbirth, Edna leaves Robert's arms to go to her friend. She pleads with him to wait for her return. From the time she spends with Edna, Adèle senses that Edna is becoming increasingly distant, and she understands that Edna's relationship with Robert has intensified.
She reminds Edna to think of her children and advocates the socially acceptable lifestyle Edna abandoned so long ago. Doctor Mandelet, while walking Edna home from Adèle's, urges her to come see him because he is worried about the outcome of her passionate but confused actions. Already reeling under the weight of Adèle's admonition, Edna begins to perceive herself as having acted selfishly.
The devastating awakening
Edna returns to her house to find Robert gone, a note of farewell left in his place. Robert's inability to escape the ties of society now prompts Edna's most devastating awakening.
Haunted by thoughts of her children and realising that she would have eventually found even Robert unable to fulfil her desires and dreams, Edna feels an overwhelming sense of solitude. Alone in a world in which she has found no feeling of belonging, she can find only one answer to the inescapable and heartbreaking limitations of society.
The ending
She returns to Grand Isle, the site of her first moments of emotional, sexual, and intellectual awareness, and, in a final escape, gives herself to the sea. As she swims through the soft, embracing water, she thinks about her freedom from her husband and children, as well as Robert's failure to understand her, Doctor Mandelet's words of wisdom, and Mademoiselle Reisz's courage.
Ambiguous Conclusion
The text leaves open the question of whether the suicide constitutes a cowardly surrender or a liberating triumph.
Key Points to Remember:
- The novel traces Edna's journey from a conventional married woman to an independent individual seeking self-fulfilment and freedom
- Grand Isle represents the setting where Edna's awakening begins, whilst New Orleans becomes the place where she acts upon her newfound independence
- Robert Lebrun serves as the catalyst for Edna's emotional and sexual awakening, though their love remains largely unconsummated
- Mademoiselle Reisz acts as a mentor figure, showing Edna what it means to be an independent artist and encouraging her to follow her feelings
- The novel ends ambiguously at the sea, leaving readers to interpret whether Edna's final act represents liberation or defeat