Character Analysis (AQA A-Level English Literature A): Revision Notes

Character Analysis

Othello

Overview

Othello serves as the protagonist of Shakespeare's tragedy. He is a Moor, a term referring to his North African heritage, and holds the esteemed position of general in the Venetian military. His marriage to Desdemona, a white Venetian noblewoman, becomes the catalyst for the play's central conflict. This union challenges the social conventions of Renaissance Venice and exposes deep-seated racial tensions.

At the play's opening, Othello embodies nobility, honour and trustworthiness. He commands respect for his military achievements and demonstrates confidence in his own integrity. However, his ensign Iago's malicious manipulation gradually erodes these qualities. The contrast between Othello's initial dignified character and his eventual descent into jealousy and violence forms the heart of the tragedy.

Key moments in the play

Elopement with Desdemona (Act 1, Scene 1): Othello and Desdemona's secret marriage becomes the first major plot point. When Desdemona's father, Brabantio, learns of the union, he accuses Othello of using witchcraft to seduce his daughter. This accusation reveals the racial prejudices that permeate Venetian society and sets up the tension between Othello's public honour and private vulnerability.

Promotion of Cassio (Act 1, Scene 1): Othello's decision to appoint Cassio as his lieutenant instead of Iago provides the initial motivation for Iago's revenge plot. This choice demonstrates Othello's judgment in military matters but also creates the circumstances that will lead to his downfall.

Manipulation by Iago (Act 3, Scene 3): In this pivotal scene, Iago begins planting seeds of doubt in Othello's mind regarding Desdemona's fidelity. Through careful suggestion and manipulation of circumstantial evidence, Iago transforms Othello's love into jealous suspicion. This scene marks the turning point in Othello's character, as his confidence gives way to insecurity.

Murder of Desdemona (Act 5, Scene 2): Consumed by jealousy and convinced of Desdemona's unfaithfulness, Othello murders his innocent wife. He discovers the truth about Iago's deception only after this irreversible act. This moment represents the tragic culmination of Othello's fall from noble general to murderer.

Othello's suicide (Act 5, Scene 2): Upon learning the truth, Othello takes his own life in an act of remorse and self-punishment. His final speech attempts to reclaim some dignity and control his own narrative, but the tragedy of his actions cannot be undone.

Key themes

Jealousy: Othello's transformation centres on his descent into jealousy, carefully cultivated by Iago's manipulations. The play demonstrates how jealousy can corrupt even the most noble character, destroying reason and trust. Othello's jealousy becomes all-consuming, blinding him to truth and leading him to murder the person he loves most.

Honour and reputation: Othello's concern for honour and reputation drives many of his actions throughout the play. His military reputation provides his identity and self-worth. When Iago suggests that Desdemona's supposed infidelity has damaged his honour, Othello's response becomes extreme. This theme reveals how the obsession with public reputation can lead to both greatness and destruction.

Manipulation and deception: Iago's manipulation of Othello demonstrates how easily truth can be obscured by lies when trust is betrayed. The theme explores appearance versus reality, showing how Iago's honest facade masks his malicious intentions. Othello's tragic flaw lies partly in his inability to see through Iago's deception until it's too late.

Key quotes

My parts, my title, and my perfect soul / Shall manifest me rightly. (Act 1, Scene 2)

Othello expresses confidence in his own honour and integrity, believing his true character will protect him from Brabantio's accusations. This quote establishes Othello's initial self-assurance and foreshadows the tragic unravelling of this confidence under Iago's manipulation. The phrase 'perfect soul' is particularly poignant given his later actions.

She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them. (Act 1, Scene 3)

Othello explains the foundation of his relationship with Desdemona to the Venetian senate. Their love developed through storytelling, with Desdemona drawn to Othello's adventurous past and Othello appreciating her sympathy for his hardships. This quote illuminates themes of love and storytelling whilst revealing the deep, albeit fragile, connection between the couple.

Put out the light, and then put out the light. (Act 5, Scene 2)

As Othello prepares to kill Desdemona, he compares extinguishing a candle to ending her life. This quote captures the irreversible nature of his intended action and his tragic realization of what he's about to do. The repetition emphasizes the finality of death and the magnitude of his mistake.

Iago

Overview

Iago stands as one of literature's most complex and sinister antagonists. Serving as Othello's ensign, he orchestrates the play's tragic events with calculated ruthlessness. His motivations include jealousy over Cassio's promotion, resentment toward Othello, and an intrinsic love of manipulation for its own sake.

What makes Iago particularly dangerous is his ability to appear trustworthy whilst harbouring malicious intent. He presents himself as 'honest Iago' to other characters, gaining their confidence whilst secretly plotting their destruction. His skill in manipulation and his understanding of human psychology allow him to exploit the weaknesses and insecurities of those around him.

Key moments in the play

Inciting Roderigo (Act 1, Scene 1): Iago begins his scheme by manipulating Roderigo, convincing him to inform Brabantio of Desdemona's elopement with Othello. This demonstrates Iago's ability to use others as tools in his plots whilst exploiting Roderigo's desire for Desdemona.

Planting seeds of doubt (Act 3, Scene 3): In the play's most crucial scene, Iago subtly suggests to Othello that Desdemona may be unfaithful with Cassio. He employs careful innuendo rather than direct accusation, allowing Othello's own imagination to work against him. This scene showcases Iago's masterful manipulation technique.

Obtaining the handkerchief (Act 3, Scene 3): Iago uses Emilia to steal Desdemona's handkerchief, a gift from Othello. This seemingly innocent object becomes pivotal evidence in Iago's scheme to frame Desdemona and Cassio, demonstrating how he transforms ordinary items into tools of deception.

The tragic finale (Act 5, Scene 2): When Iago's schemes are finally revealed, the full extent of his treachery becomes clear. The deaths of Desdemona, Othello and Emilia result directly from his machinations. Despite being exposed, Iago remains largely unrepentant, refusing to explain his motivations.

Key themes

Deception and manipulation: Iago's actions throughout the play exemplify the destructive power of deceit. He demonstrates how manipulation can corrupt trust and destroy relationships. His ability to maintain an honest facade whilst orchestrating tragedy explores how appearance can mask reality.

Jealousy: Iago's manipulation of Othello's jealousy drives the tragic outcomes. However, Iago himself experiences jealousy over Cassio's promotion and possibly over the relationship between Othello and Emilia. The play shows how jealousy, whether genuine or manufactured, can corrode trust and reason.

Appearance vs. reality: Iago embodies this theme perfectly. His outward appearance of honesty and loyalty contrasts sharply with his true malicious nature. He hides his genuine intentions behind a facade of helpful concern, demonstrating how easily truth can be obscured by lies.

Key quotes

I am not what I am. (Act 1, Scene 1)

Iago reveals his duplicitous nature early in the play. This quote explicitly states that his outward appearance doesn't reflect his true intentions. It underscores the theme of appearance versus reality and foreshadows the deceitful actions Iago will undertake. The statement also suggests a fundamental dishonesty at the core of his character.

The Moor is of a free and open nature, / That thinks men honest that but seem to be so; / And will as tenderly be led by th' nose / As asses are. (Act 1, Scene 3)

Iago comments on Othello's trusting nature, recognizing how easily it can be exploited. This reveals Iago's contempt for Othello's integrity and foreshadows his manipulation plan. The animal imagery ('led by th' nose / As asses are') shows Iago's disdain and his view of Othello as foolish for trusting appearances.

Demand me nothing. What you know, you know. / From this time forth I never will speak word. (Act 5, Scene 2)

After his treachery is exposed, Iago refuses to explain his motives or justify his actions. This silence emphasizes the inscrutable nature of his evil, leaving his motivations ambiguous and disturbing. His refusal to speak highlights his malicious character, denying others even the closure of understanding why he caused such devastation.

Desdemona

Overview

Desdemona emerges as one of Shakespeare's most complex heroines. As Brabantio's daughter and Othello's wife, she occupies a central position in the play's tragic narrative. She is portrayed as loving, virtuous and loyal, demonstrating unwavering devotion to Othello despite the challenges their interracial marriage presents.

Desdemona's character embodies innocence and purity, creating a stark contrast with the manipulation and deceit surrounding her. She defies social conventions by choosing to marry Othello against her father's wishes, showing courage and independence. However, this very strength makes her vulnerable in a society that constrains women's agency.

Key moments in the play

Elopement with Othello (Act 1, Scene 1): Desdemona's secret marriage to Othello represents her boldest act of defiance against social norms and her father's expectations. This decision demonstrates her courage and independence, showing her willingness to challenge societal constraints for love. However, it also sets up the conflicts that will lead to tragedy.

Defence of her marriage (Act 1, Scene 3): When confronted by her father and the Duke, Desdemona eloquently defends her love for Othello. She explains her shift of loyalty from father to husband, articulating her understanding of duty whilst asserting her right to choose her own partner. This moment highlights her intelligence and conviction.

Interceding for Cassio (Act 3, Scene 3): Desdemona's innocent attempts to help Cassio regain his position become twisted by Iago into apparent evidence of an affair. Her persistence in advocating for Cassio, motivated purely by kindness and loyalty to her husband's friend, ironically provides fuel for Othello's growing jealousy. This demonstrates how Iago can pervert innocent actions into seeming proof of guilt.

Key themes

Innocence and purity: Desdemona embodies innocence throughout the play. Her purity contrasts sharply with the deceit and corruption surrounding her. This innocence makes her unable to comprehend or defend herself against false accusations, ultimately contributing to her tragic death. The play explores how innocence can be vulnerable in a corrupt world.

Loyalty and devotion: Desdemona's unwavering loyalty to Othello remains constant even when facing false accusations and imminent death. She never wavers in her commitment to her husband, demonstrating steadfast devotion. This theme highlights both the nobility of true loyalty and its tragic potential when misplaced or unrecognized.

Victim of manipulation: Desdemona becomes an innocent victim of Iago's schemes. She has no awareness of the plot against her and cannot defend herself against manufactured evidence. Her tragic fate underscores the destructive power of manipulation and jealousy, showing how the innocent can suffer for others' malice.

Gender roles and power: Through Desdemona's character, Shakespeare explores the limitations and expectations placed on women in Renaissance society. Despite her initial act of defiance in marrying Othello, she remains constrained by societal norms. The play examines how gender roles leave women vulnerable to male authority and violence.

Key quotes

My noble father, / I do perceive here a divided duty. (Act 1, Scene 3)

Desdemona addresses her father before the Venetian court, explaining her shift of loyalty from him to her husband, Othello. This quote demonstrates her understanding of familial and marital obligations, reflecting her integrity and maturity. She navigates this difficult situation with honesty, showing respect for both relationships whilst asserting her choice.

I am not merry, but I do beguile / The thing I am by seeming otherwise. (Act 2, Scene 1)

Desdemona admits that her outward cheerfulness conceals her true feelings, as she attempts to maintain harmony despite growing tensions. This quote reveals her inner conflict and her effort to maintain peace, reflecting the theme of appearance versus reality. It shows her emotional depth beneath her composed exterior.

His unkindness may defeat my life, / But never taint my love. (Act 4, Scene 2)

Desdemona expresses her unwavering love for Othello even in the face of his cruelty and false accusations. This quote powerfully demonstrates her steadfast devotion and tragic innocence. It highlights the depth of her loyalty and love whilst underscoring the tragedy of her situation as Othello's jealousy destroys their relationship.

Michael Cassio

Overview

Michael Cassio serves as Othello's loyal and honourable lieutenant. His promotion to this position over Iago sparks Iago's jealousy and sets the tragic plot in motion. Cassio is depicted as young, handsome and charming, with courteous manners that win both Desdemona's friendship and Othello's trust.

Despite his military competence and personal strengths, Cassio possesses significant vulnerabilities. His inability to handle alcohol and his concern for reputation make him susceptible to Iago's manipulation. When Iago orchestrates his drunken brawl and subsequent demotion, Cassio's distress over losing his reputation reveals how deeply he values honour and public standing.

Key moments in the play

Promotion to lieutenant (Act 1, Scene 1): Othello's decision to promote Cassio over Iago provides the initial catalyst for Iago's revenge plot. This choice demonstrates Othello's confidence in Cassio's abilities but also creates the resentment that drives the tragic events. Cassio's promotion, though deserved, inadvertently sets the stage for disaster.

Drunken brawl (Act 2, Scene 3): Iago orchestrates Cassio's involvement in a drunken fight, leading to his demotion. Cassio's weakness for alcohol, which he himself acknowledges, becomes the tool Iago uses to tarnish his reputation and position. This moment highlights Cassio's vulnerability and self-awareness whilst demonstrating Iago's manipulative skill.

Receiving the handkerchief (Act 3, Scene 4): Cassio unknowingly comes into possession of Desdemona's handkerchief, planted by Iago. This crucial piece of evidence serves as false proof of an affair between Cassio and Desdemona in Othello's eyes. The handkerchief demonstrates how Iago transforms innocent circumstances into damning evidence.

Appeal to Desdemona (Act 3, Scene 3): Following his demotion, Cassio seeks Desdemona's help to restore his position. He trusts in her virtue and influence, unknowingly becoming a pawn in Iago's scheme to incite Othello's jealousy. His innocent request for assistance becomes twisted into apparent evidence of intimacy with Desdemona.

Surviving Iago's attack (Act 5, Scene 1): Iago attempts to kill Cassio to prevent his scheme from being exposed, but Cassio survives. His survival ultimately leads to the exposure of Iago's treachery, though tragically too late to prevent Desdemona's and Othello's deaths.

Key themes

Honour and reputation: Cassio's overwhelming concern for his reputation drives much of his behaviour. Following the brawl, his anguish centres on losing his honour rather than his position itself. This theme explores how reputation defines identity and social standing, and how its loss can devastate an individual.

Manipulation and deception: Cassio becomes an unwitting victim of Iago's manipulative schemes. His honest nature and trust in others make him vulnerable to deceit. The theme highlights how innocence and trustingness can be exploited, and how easily truth can be obscured by carefully constructed lies.

Innocence and naivety: Cassio's trusting nature and inability to perceive Iago's malice illustrate the vulnerability of innocence in a corrupt world. His naivety allows him to be manipulated and used as a tool in Iago's plot, demonstrating how goodness can be exploited by those with malicious intent.

Key quotes

Reputation, reputation, reputation! O, I have lost my reputation! I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial. (Act 2, Scene 3)

Following the drunken brawl and his demotion, Cassio laments the loss of his reputation. He equates honour with his humanity, suggesting that without reputation, he's reduced to something less than human. This quote powerfully conveys the theme of reputation and its central importance in defining one's identity and social standing.

I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking. (Act 2, Scene 3)

Cassio acknowledges his weakness for alcohol before the brawl that leads to his downfall. This admission demonstrates his self-awareness and foreshadows his vulnerability to Iago's schemes. The quote illustrates how knowing one's weaknesses doesn't always prevent exploitation of those very flaws.

I will beseech the virtuous Desdemona to undertake for me. (Act 2, Scene 3)

Cassio plans to seek Desdemona's help in restoring his position, demonstrating his trust in her virtue and influence. His respect for Desdemona and reliance on her goodness set the stage for Iago's manipulation. This quote highlights Cassio's innocence whilst ironically showing how his trust will be used against both him and Desdemona.

Brabantio

Overview

Brabantio serves as a Venetian senator and Desdemona's father. His character represents the entrenched societal racism and patriarchal control prevalent in Renaissance Venice. Initially portrayed as a respected figure, he becomes increasingly irrational and prejudiced upon discovering his daughter's marriage to Othello.

Brabantio's reaction to Desdemona's elopement reveals deep-seated racial prejudices. He cannot fathom that his daughter would willingly choose to marry a Moor, instead accusing Othello of using witchcraft or magic to seduce her. This accusation exposes the racial tensions underlying Venetian society and Othello's precarious position as an outsider.

Key moments in the play

Brabantio believes Desdemona has been bewitched (Act 1, Scene 1): When Iago and Roderigo inform Brabantio of Desdemona's elopement with Othello, he reacts with shock and rage. He immediately assumes his daughter has been bewitched, unable to accept that she would willingly choose Othello. This response reveals his racial prejudices and his view of his daughter as incapable of independent decision-making.

Brabantio confronts Othello (Act 1, Scene 2): Brabantio directly confronts Othello, accusing him of using magic to seduce Desdemona. He insists on taking the matter before the Duke, seeking official intervention. This confrontation demonstrates his determination to oppose the marriage and his belief that only supernatural means could explain Desdemona's choice.

Brabantio disowns Desdemona (Act 1, Scene 3): In the Duke's court, when Desdemona confirms her love for Othello, Brabantio formally disowns her. He expresses his sorrow whilst foretelling that she will betray Othello as she has betrayed him. This moment marks the complete rupture of their father-daughter relationship and plants dangerous seeds of doubt in Othello's mind.

Key themes

Racial prejudice: Brabantio's accusations against Othello stem from deep-seated racial prejudices. He views interracial marriage as unnatural and unacceptable, reflecting societal attitudes of the time. His inability to accept genuine affection between Desdemona and Othello exposes how racism pervades even apparently civilized society.

Patriarchal authority: Brabantio's reaction to Desdemona's marriage underscores the theme of male control over women. He views his daughter's autonomy as a betrayal, feeling entitled to control her marital choices. His sense of being dishonoured by her independent decision reflects the patriarchal structures that constrain women's agency.

Key quotes

Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her! For I'll refer me to all things of sense, if she in chains of magic were not bound, Whether a maid, so tender, fair, and happy, So opposite to marriage that she shunned The wealthy curled darlings of our nation, Would ever have, t'incur a general mock, Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou—to fear, not to delight. (Act 1, Scene 2)

Brabantio accuses Othello of enchanting Desdemona through magic. He argues that only supernatural means could explain why his innocent, marriage-averse daughter would choose Othello over wealthy Venetian suitors. The racist language ('sooty bosom', 'such a thing') reveals Brabantio's deep prejudice. This quote also shows his view of Desdemona as a childlike figure incapable of making independent decisions.

She has deceived her father, and may thee. (Act 1, Scene 3)

After disowning Desdemona, Brabantio warns Othello that since she deceived her father, she might also deceive her husband. This bitter statement reflects his sense of betrayal whilst foreshadowing the tragic events fuelled by mistrust and jealousy. Iago will later exploit this seed of doubt, using it to undermine Othello's trust in Desdemona. The quote underscores themes of loyalty, betrayal and the tragic consequences of suspicion.

Emilia

Overview

Emilia, wife to Iago and maid to Desdemona, emerges as one of the play's most complex and ultimately heroic characters. Initially, she appears subservient to her husband's wishes, complying with his demands despite her better judgment. However, as the play progresses, Emilia demonstrates deep loyalty to Desdemona and an unwavering commitment to truth.

Her character development proves crucial to the play's resolution. Though she unknowingly assists Iago by providing him with Desdemona's handkerchief, she ultimately defies him to expose his treachery. This act of moral courage comes at great personal cost, as Iago murders her for revealing the truth. Emilia's transformation from compliant wife to truth-teller represents a powerful assertion of moral integrity.

Key moments in the play

The handkerchief (Act 3, Scene 3): Emilia finds Desdemona's handkerchief and gives it to Iago, not fully understanding his malicious intent. She knows the handkerchief holds sentimental value, and her conflicted feelings about giving it to Iago reveal her divided loyalties. This act, though motivated by a desire to please her husband, sets the stage for Othello's tragic downfall.

Discussion of infidelity (Act 4, Scene 3): Emilia speaks candidly with Desdemona about marriage and men's behaviour. She reveals cynical views on fidelity and gender dynamics, suggesting that men's ill-treatment of women justifies women's potential infidelity. This conversation provides insight into her character's depth and her understanding of gender inequality.

Key themes

Loyalty and betrayal: Emilia's loyalties oscillate between her husband and her mistress, culminating in her ultimate betrayal of Iago to reveal the truth. Her actions demonstrate the complexity of loyalty, especially when caught between conflicting obligations. Her final choice to defend Desdemona over protecting Iago highlights the supremacy of moral truth over marital duty.

Gender and power: Through Emilia, Shakespeare explores the limitations placed on women and the consequences of challenging male authority. Her cynical views on men and marriage reveal awareness of gender inequality. Her ultimate defiance of her husband demonstrates the potential for women to resist patriarchal control, though at great personal cost.

Truth and deception: Emilia's role in uncovering the truth contrasts sharply with Iago's pervasive deceit. Her transformation from unwitting accomplice to truth-teller emphasizes the play's exploration of honesty versus manipulation. Her willingness to speak truth despite mortal danger demonstrates moral integrity.

Key quotes

They are all but stomachs, and we all but food; / They eat us hungrily, and when they are full, / They belch us. (Act 3, Scene 4)

Emilia expresses a deeply cynical view of men and marriage. Her metaphor equates men to predators who consume women for satisfaction then discard them. This reveals her disillusionment with gender dynamics and provides insight into her marriage to Iago. The quote highlights the exploitative nature of relationships portrayed in the play.

I will not charm my tongue; I am bound to speak: / My mistress here lies murder'd in her bed. (Act 5, Scene 2)

Emilia's defiant declaration marks her transformation into an agent of truth and justice. Despite the danger, she refuses to remain silent about Desdemona's murder. Her determination to speak demonstrates moral integrity and bravery. This moment embodies the theme of truth versus deception, showing her commitment to revealing reality despite the personal cost.

Duke of Venice

Overview

The Duke of Venice occupies a crucial though brief role in the play. As Venice's highest-ranking official, he represents law, authority and the state's interests. Unlike many other characters, the Duke demonstrates fairness and pragmatism in his leadership. He respects Othello for his military prowess and judges him based on merit rather than race.

The Duke's handling of Brabantio's accusation against Othello reveals his balanced approach to justice. He listens fairly to both sides before making decisions, insisting on substantial evidence before condemning anyone. This contrasts sharply with Brabantio's emotionally driven and racially charged accusations. The Duke's impartiality provides a counterpoint to the prejudices that pervade Venetian society.

Key moments in the play

Summoning Othello (Act 1, Scene 2): The Duke calls for Othello to discuss urgent military matters concerning the Turkish threat to Cyprus. This demonstrates his reliance on Othello's military expertise and sets up the circumstances that will move the action to Cyprus. The Duke's trust in Othello's capabilities is evident despite racial tensions in Venetian society.

Handling Brabantio's accusation (Act 1, Scene 3): When Brabantio accuses Othello of using witchcraft, the Duke listens fairly to both sides. He insists on proper evidence before making judgment, embodying principles of justice and due process. His fair adjudication of the matter allows Othello to explain his marriage to Desdemona and demonstrates the Duke's impartial leadership.

Dispatching Othello to Cyprus (Act 1, Scene 3): After resolving the accusation, the Duke sends Othello to Cyprus to lead the defence against the Turks. This decision demonstrates his trust in Othello's military abilities and prioritizes state security over personal grievances. It also reinforces that duty to the state supersedes personal matters, a principle central to Othello's character.

Key themes

Justice and fairness: The Duke embodies principles of justice and fairness throughout his appearances. He provides balanced and impartial judgment when faced with Brabantio's emotional and racially charged accusations. His insistence on evidence and due process demonstrates proper judicial principles, contrasting with the play's pervasive manipulation and deceit.

Authority and leadership: The Duke's actions reflect the responsibilities and burdens of leadership. He must balance personal grievances with state needs, ultimately prioritising Venice's security. His pragmatic approach to leadership and his ability to make difficult decisions highlight the complexities of authority.

Key quotes

Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you / Against the general enemy Ottoman. (Act 1, Scene 3)

The Duke addresses Othello with respect and urgency, emphasizing his reliance on Othello's military prowess to defend Venice against the Turkish threat. This quote demonstrates the Duke's recognition of Othello's value and capabilities, setting aside racial prejudice to prioritise state security. It underscores how Othello's military reputation provides his primary source of acceptance in Venetian society.

To vouch this is no proof, / Without wider and more overt test / Than these thin habits and poor likelihoods / Of modern seeming do prefer against him. (Act 1, Scene 3)

The Duke insists on substantial evidence before condemning Othello, rejecting Brabantio's circumstantial accusations. This quote emphasizes the importance of due process and fairness in judgment, embodying principles of justice. It demonstrates the Duke's commitment to proper evidence-based judgment rather than emotional or prejudiced reactions, providing a stark contrast to Brabantio's approach.

I think this tale would win my daughter too. (Act 1, Scene 3)

After hearing Othello's account of his courtship with Desdemona, the Duke remarks on the compelling nature of Othello's story. This comment acknowledges the power of Othello's narrative to evoke empathy and understanding. It reflects the Duke's open-mindedness and his ability to appreciate Othello's qualities beyond racial biases, offering a contrast to Brabantio's prejudiced stance.