Last updated on Jun 09, 2026

Case Study → International Migration Inside the EU-Schengen Area (Edexcel A-Level Geography): Revision Notes

📚 Revision Notes

Case Study \to International Migration Inside the EU-Schengen Area Context ● The Schengen Agreement (1995) ended international border checks within 26 EU countries ○ NB. The UK never signed this ○ Enabled free movement of people and goods within the EU • meant that passports and goods declarations were not required at borders Benefits ● EU labour can move to where there is most demand but also cost Drawbacks ● Made it easy for migrants outside the EU to travel to high level demand countries ● Growth of nationalist movements opposed to free movement ● Racist attacks on and hostility towards immigrants has become more common in Italy, Germany and other EU locations Reintroduction of border checks ● 2015 • more than 1 mil migrants travelled into the EU through Hungary, temp border checks were reintroduced

Context	● The Schengen Agreement (1995) ended international border checks within 26 EU countries ○ NB. The UK never signed this ○ Enabled free movement of people and goods within the EU • meant that passports and goods declarations were not required at borders
Benefits	● EU labour can move to where there is most demand but also cost
Drawbacks	● Made it easy for migrants outside the EU to travel to high level demand countries ● Growth of nationalist movements opposed to free movement ● Racist attacks on and hostility towards immigrants has become more common in Italy, Germany and other EU locations
Reintroduction of border checks	● 2015 • more than 1 mil migrants travelled into the EU through Hungary, temp border checks were reintroduced

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