Osteoporosis

Definition

Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.

Epidemiology: It is particularly common among postmenopausal women but can also affect men and younger individuals.

Causes of Osteoporosis

• Hormonal Changes: Reduction in estrogen levels, especially after menopause, contributes significantly to the development of osteoporosis.
• Dietary Factors: Insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D can lead to decreased bone density.
• Lifestyle Factors: Lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk.

Inter-relationship of Dietary Deficiencies/Excesses and Osteoporosis

• Calcium Deficiency: Essential for bone health; low intake results in bone loss.
• Vitamin D Deficiency: Crucial for calcium absorption; deficiency can impair bone formation.
• Excessive Sodium Intake: Can cause increased calcium excretion through urine.
• High Caffeine Consumption: May interfere with calcium absorption and lead to bone loss.

Prevention and Management

• Dietary Measures: Adequate intake of calcium (dairy products, green leafy vegetables) and vitamin D (exposure to sunlight, fortified foods).
• Lifestyle Modifications: Regular weight-bearing exercises, avoiding smoking, and moderating alcohol intake.
• Medication: In some cases, medications like bisphosphonates may be prescribed to prevent bone loss.

Impact on Health

• Fractures: Increased risk of fractures, particularly in the hip, wrist, and spine.
• Physical Limitations: Fractures can lead to chronic pain, disability, and decreased quality of life.
• Psychological Impact: Increased risk of depression and anxiety due to physical limitations and pain.

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