Naturalism (OCR A-Level Religious Studies): Flashcards

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Naturalism
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Meta-ethics vs normative ethics

Linguistic value of moral statements, not constructing systems of action

Absolutism definition

Morals are fixed, unchanging truths everyone should follow

Relativism definition

Moral truths not fixed; change by individual/situation/culture

Cognitive statement

Statement that can be either true or false

Non-cognitive statement

Not about facts; cannot be known as true or false

Naturalism: What does 'good' describe?

A natural quality observable in world, existing independently

Ethical naturalists view on moral facts

Moral good/evil are objective absolute facts, fixed

Hedonic/utilitarian naturalism: what is 'good'?

What creates happiness

Theological naturalism (Aquinas)

Absolute objective moral facts exist, observable in society

Hume's Law

Cannot go from an 'is' to an 'ought'

Hume: source of 'wrongness'

From our sentiment, not from our observations

Searle on moral language & obligation

Moral language includes obligation; 'ought' implied in language itself

G.E. Moore's naturalistic fallacy

Error of assuming 'good' is same as other natural quality

Open question definition (Moore)

Question where answer cannot be derived from question itself

Philippa Foot's rebuttal

Absolute moral facts exist (e.g., virtues); observable in people's actions

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