Causal relationships (Edexcel GCSE Statistics): Flashcards
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Practise the cards
10 cards from this deck
Does higher ice cream sales cause higher sunglasses sales?
Does higher ice cream sales cause higher sunglasses sales?
No — both caused by temperature (third factor).
If study hours and grades correlate, is causation certain?
If study hours and grades correlate, is causation certain?
No; consider motivation or teaching as third factor.
Identify third factor: umbrellas vs road accidents.
Identify third factor: umbrellas vs road accidents.
Weather (rain) causes both umbrella sales and accidents.
Give a causal explanation: car age vs car value.
Give a causal explanation: car age vs car value.
Age causes wear and depreciation, lowering value.
Explain why correlation doesn't imply causation.
Explain why correlation doesn't imply causation.
Correlation can be due to a shared third factor.
Is temperature a confounder for ice cream and sunglasses?
Is temperature a confounder for ice cream and sunglasses?
Yes; temperature is a confounding (third) factor.
Find flaw: 'More umbrellas → more accidents' claim.
Find flaw: 'More umbrellas → more accidents' claim.
Incorrect causal claim; ignores weather as confounding factor.
Which key phrase to use when explaining correlation?
Which key phrase to use when explaining correlation?
Use 'Correlation does not necessarily imply causation'.
Umbrellas and accidents are positively correlated. Why?
Umbrellas and accidents are positively correlated. Why?
Rainy weather causes both; no direct causation.
Study hours vs exam score: How to test causation?
Study hours vs exam score: How to test causation?
Check correlation, consider third factors, suggest experiments.