Human Reproduction (Junior Cert Science): Model Answers
Human Reproduction and Birth Processes
Sample Answer
Question (a)(i)
Answer
The semen (liquid containing sperm) is released into the vagina, which is the lower part of the female reproductive system shown in the diagram. This is where sperm are deposited during sexual intercourse.
[3/3 Marks] Full marks for correctly identifying the vagina as the location where semen is released. According to the marking scheme, "Vagina clearly labelled with S" is required for full marks.
Question (a)(ii)
Answer
Fertilisation takes place in the fallopian tube (oviduct), which is the tube-like structure connecting the ovary to the uterus, shown on either side of the uterus in the diagram.
[3/3 Marks] Full marks for correctly identifying any part of the fallopian tube as the site of fertilisation. The marking scheme states "any part of the fallopian tube clearly labelled with F" is required for full credit.
Question (a)(iii)
Answer
Fertilisation is the process where the sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete) join together (fuse). This union results in the formation of a zygote, which is the first cell of a new organism containing genetic material from both parents.
[6/6 Marks] Full marks awarded for:
- Identifying the fusion/joining/union of gametes (3 marks)
- Specifying the sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete) (3 marks)
- Mentioning the formation of a zygote The marking scheme accepts "sex cell" or "nucleus" for "gamete" as well.
Question (a)(iv)
Answer
Before birth:
- Contractions begin as the muscles in the uterus contract rhythmically with increasing frequency and strength.
- The cervix dilates (widens) to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.
After birth:
- The umbilical cord is clamped and cut, separating the baby from the placenta.
[9/9 Marks] Full marks awarded for:
- Two correct "before birth" events (2 × 3 = 6 marks): contractions and cervical dilation are both listed in the marking scheme as acceptable answers
- One correct "after birth" event (3 marks): umbilical cord clamping is clearly listed as an acceptable answer Other acceptable answers for "before" include: labour begins, breaking of the waters, baby being pushed through the cervix, or baby head first/vagina widens. For "after," other acceptable answers include: placenta expulsion, breast milk production, baby handed to mother, or baby cries.
Marking Scheme
