Emerging Questions (Leaving Cert Religious Education): Flashcards

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Science and the Realm of Chance, Probability, and Chaos
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Chance in science

Outcomes that cannot be predicted with certainty in advance

True vs practical randomness

True: genuinely unpredictable; Practical: appears random due to limited knowledge

Radioactive decay example

Individual nucleus decay timing is genuinely unpredictable

Probability definition

Mathematical framework for quantifying uncertainty (0 to 1)

Frequentist interpretation

Probability as long-run frequency patterns over many trials

Bayesian interpretation

Probability as rational degrees of belief from evidence

Chaos theory

Deterministic systems with sensitive dependence on initial conditions

Law of Large Numbers

With many trials, averages converge to expected probabilities

Quantum indeterminacy

Some aspects of nature are genuinely random, not just unknown

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

Certain quantity pairs can't both be measured precisely simultaneously

Three chaotic system traits

Sensitive dependence, prediction horizons, underlying order

Emergence in complex systems

New properties at higher levels, not predictable from parts

Self-organisation

Systems develop structure via local interactions, not design

Primary vs secondary causation

Primary: God sustains laws; Secondary: creatures act naturally

Misconception: random = meaningless

Confuses scientific term with philosophical purpose questions

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