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15 cards from this deck
Heating metal until soft & workable, then shaping it
Grain structure follows shape, making it stronger
Coal/coke-fired and gas forges
Main work surface for shaping hot metal
To avoid damaging hardened face & tools
Reduces cross-sectional area while increasing length
Internal dia. + External dia.2\frac{\text{Internal dia. + External dia.}}{2}2Internal dia. + External dia.
π×mean diameter\pi \times \text{mean diameter}π×mean diameter
Makes it very hard but brittle
Cherry red (approx. 750°C)
Reduces hardness to improve toughness
Dark straw (240°C)
Softens metal & relieves internal stresses
Refines grain structure & removes stresses
Cooling rate: annealing slower, normalising in air
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