The Principles of Training in Sport (AQA GCSE Physical Education): Model Answers
Anaerobic Exercise and Recovery
A 400m race can be classed as anaerobic exercise.
Anaerobic exercise occurs when energy is produced without the use of oxygen. A cool down can be implemented to help restore oxygen to the working muscles and repay the oxygen debt. Additionally, dietary manipulation can be applied, such as rehydrating and consuming carbohydrates to replenish glycogen stores.
A cool-down helps maintain a higher breathing rate, addressing EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) and reducing lactic acid buildup. This enables the athlete to feel less fatigued, allowing them to return to training more quickly. Consuming carbohydrates after exercise ensures that glycogen stores are fully replenished within 24-48 hours, enabling the athlete to resume training and prepare for future events.
Furthermore, rest is a vital component of recovery, helping to prevent cramps, aches, and DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness). It is crucial for the athlete to incorporate rest following an event to ensure proper recovery.
Performance Enhancing Drugs in Cycling
Long distance cycling is a sport whereby performers may come under pressure to take Performance Enhancing Drugs.
Stimulants are substances that enhance mental and/or physical alertness. Peptide hormones, such as EPO, stimulate the production of red blood cells. Cyclists often participate in events that span weeks, leading to inevitable fatigue. Stimulants can combat fatigue by increasing energy and alertness during races. Using EPO to increase red blood cell production allows more oxygen to reach the working muscles, reducing fatigue and enhancing aerobic capacity.
Taking PEDs can boost cycling performance, offering a greater chance of achieving wealth, fame, and potentially a happier lifestyle. Cycling is a sport where many athletes feel pressured to use PEDs to level the playing field.
However, taking PEDs is widely regarded as cheating and immoral. It violates the contract to compete fairly and can never be justified. PEDs, like peptide hormones (EPO), also carry significant risks, such as thickened blood (increased viscosity), which heightens the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Additionally, being caught using PEDs can result in fines, bans, and reputational damage, causing serious financial and psychological harm to cyclists.