Top-down vs bottom-up (Edexcel GCSE Geography A): Flashcards
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Practise the cards
15 cards from this deck
Top-down development definition
Top-down development definition
Large-scale projects planned & implemented by governments or TNCs
Bottom-up development definition
Bottom-up development definition
Small-scale projects initiated & led by local communities or NGOs
Top-down development leaders
Top-down development leaders
Governments, TNCs, international organisations
Bottom-up development leaders
Bottom-up development leaders
Local communities or NGOs
Scale of top-down projects
Scale of top-down projects
National/regional scale; benefits thousands/millions
Scale of bottom-up projects
Scale of bottom-up projects
Single village or small group of communities
Top-down funding sources
Top-down funding sources
International development banks, donor countries, TNCs
Bottom-up funding sources
Bottom-up funding sources
Community itself, small NGO grants
Technology in top-down projects
Technology in top-down projects
Sophisticated, cutting-edge, requires specialists
Technology in bottom-up projects
Technology in bottom-up projects
Appropriate technology - locally operable & maintainable
Key advantage of top-down approach
Key advantage of top-down approach
Access to massive resources; large-scale impact on millions
Top-down limitation: funding
Top-down limitation: funding
Funding comes with conditions (e.g., remove trade barriers)
Key advantage of bottom-up approach
Key advantage of bottom-up approach
Targeted to specific local needs
Bottom-up limitation: scale
Bottom-up limitation: scale
Takes very long time for significant impact
Most effective development strategy
Most effective development strategy
Combines both top-down and bottom-up approaches