Second Order Equations (AQA A-Level Further Maths): Flashcards

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Second Order Equations
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Second order differential equation definition

Has d2ydx2\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} but no higher derivatives

Homogeneous equation

Right-hand side equals zero: f(x)=0f(x) = 0

Auxiliary equation

Quadratic am2+bm+c=0am^2 + bm + c = 0 from assuming y=Cemxy = Ce^{mx}

Solution for real distinct roots m1m_1, m2m_2

y=Aem1x+Bem2xy = Ae^{m_1x} + Be^{m_2x}

Solution for repeated root mm

y=(Ax+B)emxy = (Ax + B)e^{mx}

Solution for complex roots m±inm \pm in

y=emx(Acos⁡nx+Bsin⁡nx)y = e^{mx}(A\cos nx + B\sin nx)

Complementary function (CF)

Solution to the homogeneous equation

Particular integral (PI)

Specific function for the full non-homogeneous equation

General solution formula

GS = CF + PI

If PI trial matches CF

Multiply the trial function by xx

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