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Changes in pH when small amounts of acid/base added
Weak acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A⁻)
Removes added alkali
Removes added acid
When equal concentrations of HA and A⁻ are present
pH=pKa\text{pH} = \text{pK}_apH=pKa
[H+]=Ka×[HA][A−][\text{H}^+] = K_a \times \frac{[\text{HA}]}{[\text{A}^-]}[H+]=Ka×[A−][HA]
About 2 pH units either side of pKa\text{pK}_apKa
Weak acid + salt OR partial neutralization with alkali
A−\text{A}^-A− reacts with H+\text{H}^+H+, equilibrium shifts left
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