Humanism (Leaving Cert Religious Education): Revision Notes
Humanism
What is humanism?
Humanism represents a particular worldview or philosophy adopted by people who do not follow religious beliefs. While many individuals shape their understanding of the world through religious teachings (such as Christians who base their actions on Jesus's guidance), humanists approach life's big questions from a completely different perspective.
The key distinction is that while religious individuals rely on divine teachings and guidance, humanists seek answers through human reason and experience alone.
This philosophical approach serves as an alternative framework for understanding existence, purpose, and morality without relying on religious doctrine or divine guidance.
Core beliefs of humanists
Rejection of the divine
Modern humanists hold a fundamental belief that no divine being or God exists. This rejection of the divine is not a matter of debate for humanists - it forms the absolute foundation of their entire worldview.
They maintain that nothing exists beyond or above human experience and capability. This isn't a matter they debate or question - it's a settled conviction that forms the foundation of their worldview.
Human-centred approach
Humanists place complete confidence in human potential and capability. They believe that people possess all the necessary resources within themselves to lead meaningful, moral, and fulfilling lives. There's no requirement for divine intervention or guidance to achieve personal dignity and purpose.
This human-centred approach means that humanists see humans as fully capable of creating meaning, establishing moral systems, and solving problems without external divine assistance.
Scientific methodology
Rather than turning to religious texts or spiritual practices for answers to life's fundamental questions (such as why we exist, where we came from, and what happens after death), humanists apply scientific reasoning and evidence-based thinking. This approach emphasises observable facts and logical analysis over faith-based explanations.
Views on mortality
Humanists reject the concept of an afterlife or any form of existence beyond death. They also dismiss the idea of a higher spiritual power that might influence human affairs or provide eternal life.
Free thinking philosophy
The humanist movement is closely associated with the concept of "free thinking" - the practice of forming opinions and making decisions based on reason and evidence rather than authority, tradition, or religious doctrine.
Historical development
Ancient origins
Humanistic thinking has deep historical roots, appearing in various forms throughout ancient civilisations including Greece and Rome, as well as during mediaeval European periods. However, these early expressions were often limited in scope and influence.
Renaissance breakthrough
The humanist movement gained significant momentum during the Renaissance period, particularly between the 14th and 16th centuries. This era marked a crucial turning point in intellectual history.
Historical Example: Renaissance Transformation
During the Renaissance, traditional mediaeval thinking was challenged in several key ways:
Step 1: Shift in Authority - People began questioning religious institutions as the sole source of truth Step 2: Emphasis on Individual Reason - Personal intellectual capacity became valued over blind faith Step 3: Revival of Classical Learning - Ancient Greek and Roman texts were rediscovered and studied Step 4: Scientific Inquiry - Observation and experimentation began replacing religious explanations
During this transformative period, traditional ways of thinking faced substantial challenges. People began placing greater emphasis on human intellectual capacity and individual reasoning ability. The previously dominant religious perspectives that had shaped mediaeval thought came under increasing scrutiny and questioning.
This shift represented a fundamental change in how people approached knowledge, learning, and understanding of the world around them.
Key humanist thinkers
The study of humanism includes examination of three significant figures who contributed to its development:
- Desiderius Erasmus - A Renaissance humanist who helped bridge classical learning with contemporary thought
- Karl Marx - A philosopher who applied humanistic principles to social and economic analysis
- Albert Camus - A 20th-century thinker who explored humanistic themes in literature and philosophy
Each of these individuals represents different periods and approaches within the broader humanist tradition, showing how this worldview has evolved and adapted over time.
These thinkers span different historical periods - from the Renaissance through to the modern era - demonstrating the continuing evolution and adaptation of humanist thought across centuries.
Remember!
Key Points to Remember:
- Humanism offers a non-religious worldview that places complete faith in human capability and dignity
- Humanists categorically reject the existence of God, afterlife, or any higher spiritual power
- The movement emphasises scientific reasoning and evidence-based thinking over religious faith
- Historical humanism gained major influence during the Renaissance (14th-16th centuries) when traditional religious authority faced increasing challenges
- "Free thinking" represents a core humanist principle of forming beliefs through reason rather than religious doctrine