Genetic engineering (Edexcel GCSE Biology): Flashcards
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What is genetic engineering?
What is genetic engineering?
Altering an organism's genetic material by introducing a gene from another organism to give it a desired characteristic
What do restriction enzymes do?
What do restriction enzymes do?
Cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky ends
What do ligase enzymes do?
What do ligase enzymes do?
Join DNA pieces together at their sticky ends
What is recombinant DNA?
What is recombinant DNA?
Two pieces of DNA stuck together
What is a vector in genetic engineering?
What is a vector in genetic engineering?
Something used to transfer DNA into a cell
What are plasmids as vectors?
What are plasmids as vectors?
Small circular DNA molecules transferred between bacteria
How do viruses work as vectors?
How do viruses work as vectors?
Insert DNA into organisms they infect
What are sticky ends?
What are sticky ends?
Unpaired bases left when DNA is cut by restriction enzymes
Purpose of antibiotic resistance marker
Purpose of antibiotic resistance marker
Identifies bacteria with successful genetic modifications
Main benefits of GM crops
Main benefits of GM crops
Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, higher yields
What is gene therapy?
What is gene therapy?
Introducing normal genes into cells to correct genetic disorders by producing correct proteins
How is insulin produced via genetic engineering?
How is insulin produced via genetic engineering?
Microorganisms genetically modified to mass produce insulin
GM crops environmental risk
GM crops environmental risk
Might affect wild plants/insects, reducing biodiversity
Super weeds and pests risk from GM crops
Super weeds and pests risk from GM crops
GM crops could create resistance to herbicides and pesticides
Human antibodies from GM animals
Human antibodies from GM animals
Produced in sheep/cows for therapy (arthritis, cancer, MS)