Protein synthesis (Edexcel GCSE Biology): Flashcards
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What is protein synthesis?
What is protein synthesis?
Process cells use to make proteins from genetic code in DNA
Two main stages of protein synthesis
Two main stages of protein synthesis
Transcription and translation
Where are proteins made in the cell?
Where are proteins made in the cell?
Ribosomes in the cytoplasm
What is mRNA?
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA - short, single-stranded polymer of nucleotides
Which base does mRNA use instead of thymine?
Which base does mRNA use instead of thymine?
Uracil
Function of RNA polymerase
Function of RNA polymerase
Enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make mRNA
What is a codon?
What is a codon?
Set of three bases in mRNA that codes for an amino acid
Function of tRNA
Function of tRNA
Transfer RNA - carries amino acids to the ribosome
What is an anticodon?
What is an anticodon?
Part of tRNA complementary to mRNA codon; ensures amino acids arrive in correct order
What forms when amino acids join together?
What forms when amino acids join together?
Polypeptide chain (protein)
Four bases in DNA structure
Four bases in DNA structure
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
How many bases code for 1 amino acid?
How many bases code for 1 amino acid?
3 bases (triplet code)
Where does transcription occur?
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
Where does translation occur?
Where does translation occur?
At ribosomes in the cytoplasm
How does non-coding DNA affect protein synthesis?
How does non-coding DNA affect protein synthesis?
RNA polymerase binds to non-coding DNA before genes; mutations affect binding and protein production